For best results and blooms, plant Russian sage in full sun. Both sumac and Russian sage will take some effort to eradicate. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Hurray! Be sure to follow the directions on the herbicide label and take care not to damage other plants in your garden. At most, you might provide a light layer of compost in the spring. Russian sage is such a tough plant its not likely to die unless you live at a very harsh, exposed site. Russian Sage has taken the gardening world by storm, rising from obscurity to enormous popularity in the past decade. I have no idea why birds insist to habitat on my front porch. The most common complaint with Russian sage is sprawling, floppy stems. Though container culture is not the typical use, Russian sage will grow well in any well-draining container filled with a porous potting mix, such as a cactus/succulent mix. Protect your eyes with safety goggles, and cover your body with long-sleeved clothing and chemical-resistant gloves. Mary has been a Master Gardener for 30+ years and a commercial and residential gardener for 50+ years. Bell has handed out beauty and fashion advice since she could talk -- and for the last six years, write for online publications like Daily Glow and SheBudgets. Make sure children and animals are indoors or away from the area to be sprayed. Something is mushroom shaped growth at the base of my Russian sage. Does anyone have any Suggestions on h Religiously speaking there are various g. Do Deer Eat Rhododendron? A more reliable method is to propagate through basal cuttings. The seed should be planted six to eight weeks before the last predicted frost. There are three techniques you can use for pruning Russian sage. Once established, Russian sage is drought-tolerant. don't know - central colorado, elevation 7000ft. Roundup for Lawns is the recommended product for controlling thistles in your lawn, advises Roundup. Plant Gardener is supported by readers. Preventing it from using its $630bn international dollar reserves to support the . Or, you can move the plant to a cold frame or unheated porch or garage until spring. In fact, you want to be aggressive with large shrubs. How Do You Stop Russian Sage from Spreading? If it flowers cut them off before they go to seed. It needs sunny, well-drained soil and is alkaline. It laughs at Round-Up. How to Care for a Potted Freesia After Blooming, Missouri Botanical Garden: Perovskia atriplicifolia, How to grow your own herb garden in any indoor or outdoor space, Life Expectancy of the Kangaroo Paw Flower. Russian sage, Perovskia atriplicifolia, is a handsome sub-shrub that reaches its peak performance towards the end of summer and into early autumn, when it produces masses of lavender-coloured flowers held on branching, aromatic stems. https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/russian-sage-flowers/russian-sage-care.htm. New transplants need regular watering, but once established, Russian sage is very drought-tolerant. Plus there are three pruning techniques you can choose from. W. William. But they are very hardy, and cutting them down to the ground shouldnt hurt them. Kill Russian Sage . You can however collect seeds. It goes from a hazy, pale blue to a jubilant azure. The weed looks like it might be sumac. Loosen soil in the planting area and dig a hole slightly wider and deeper than the root ball. It sounds to me like your Russian sage isnt getting enough water. posted 16 years ago. That is usually towards the bottom of the stem, but it can be much farther up on some stems. Pure species plants (non-named plants), however, can be propagated from seeds sown at any time of the year. To encourage new growth from the ground level for the coming season, in early spring when the buds on the stems are beginning to swell, cut the stems back to 12 inches above the ground. This will rejuvenate the plant so it will grow fuller and bushier. I love the low maintenance of this plant in my dry soil. Growing Russian sage in partly shaded locations may cause the plants to sprawl. Last was on my hanging fern. You can cut the stems down to a few inches from the ground. And in cold-winter zones where the plant dies back each year, hard pruning is mandatory. It is useful in container gardening, and a single plant in a large container brings color and fragrance to patios, decks and terraces. Roundup is a popular herbicide that is used to kill weeds. It grows best in sandy soil thats not too acidic. Read full disclosure. See more. Use Russian sage to add color to a sidewalk, a concrete patio, or next to a driveway or carport. The judge reduced what was previously a $289 million settlement to $49 million. It responds poorly if given too much fertilizer, especially nitrogen. Eraser 41% Weed Killer Herbicide. 'Filigran' is more upright, growing to 36 inches tall, with bright blue flowers and more finely divided leaves. We can't use a motion sensor water scarecrow because it would get the delivery people all wet too. Russian sage is taking over my garden. Voted the Perennial of the Year in 1995 by the Perennial Plant Association, Russian Sage, aka Perovskia atriplicifolia, has been providing drought-tolerant lavender beauty to American gardens for many years. What can I apply to the plant as it emerges ? I understand that the best chemical may be prodiamine,however I am concerned about using it as a pre -emergent as it may destroy the other perennial in the area. Where to Plant Russian Sage . Set in a protected location that receives plenty of light and keep the growing medium lightly moist. Its fast growth makes it the ideal choice for small spaces. You can prune out the dead growth any time, you wont harm the plant. Not to be outdone by its flowers, the plant's stems and foliage make a strong statement of their own, perhaps even outstripping the floral display as the chief reason to grow the bush, A graceful perennial with silver stems (so chalky in appearance they sometimes seem to be white) and feathery, silvery leaves, Russian sage plants can reach a height of four to five feet with a spread of three feet or greater if you do not prune them annually. If you want your Russian sage to stop spreading, then I recommend digging up the runners that it sends out below the ground. Your email address will not be published. The leaves can act like an insulation layer to . Container plants need more frequent watering. I wanted to know if anyone could suggest a few types of flowering trees, medium HomeOwnersHub website is not affiliated with any of the manufacturers or service providers discussed here. Is it better to pull the new sprawling plants out of the soil? Vernonia fasciculata (Ironweed) is a wonderful plant as is Verbena hostata. Reply to William. I dont have instructions for Russian sage specifically, but it would be similar to propagating lavender cuttings. The best part is that you dont have to worry about over doing it, you cant kill a Russian sage shrub by over-pruning. Clay-based soil is not the best choice, as its difficult to aerate the soil. Feathery plumes of purple-blue flowers add a dose of cool color. For limited space gardens or containers, 'Little Spire' grows to 2 feet tall with erect growth. This is not a problem, but staking them is a good idea. Its a perfect choice for seaside gardens. They both re sprout from the extensive root system. Just came across your sight! The other option is using a non selective herbicide. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); My brand new bookVertical Vegetables is now available for purchase!! The best time to plant is late spring when the soil is warm and the weather is not too hot. Excessive fertilizing also compromises flower production, as nitrogen causes the plants to develop leggy growth at the expense of flowering. With regular division, however, you can keep plants growing indefinitely. But dont worry, if you accidentally knock off a few, its really not a big deal. A tough, vigorous perennial, Russian sage (Perovskia atriplicifolia) has a reputation for thriving where no other plants will grow. In fact, it is one of the best options if you want a beautiful and fragrant shrub. Avoid very rich potting mixes, as these are not ideal for this plant. When the seedlings are large enough to handle, they can be transplanted into larger pots for continued growth. Perovskia atriplicifolia is a fantastic addition to a herbaceous border or gravel garden, growing alongside . You can also cut the plant back hard in late summer or early fall, which will help prevent it from reseeding itself. In use since 1974, Roundup (glyphosate) is a non-selective herbicide that kills most weed species. Its long blooming season makes it an excellent plant for landscapes. The plant is relatively hardy and rarely has pest or disease problems. There you have it! Keep up to date with all that's happening in and around the garden. Share your tips for pruning Russian sage in the comments section below. This plant is different from the sage typically used as a culinary seasoning (Salvia officinalis). It can look very nice in ornamental clay or ceramic pots, and in warm-winter regions, it will offer ornamental appeal year-round. Named cultivars of this plant usually do not produce seeds that "come true" to the parent plant, so seed propagation is not common. Cutting Back Russian Sage - Is it a good idea to cut back the dead branches of Russian sage in the springtime? When young, the plants tend to flop over. I am wondering if I need to prune my Feather Grass (pony tails) or Russian sage back, and when is the best time? If your plants aren't blooming the way you want, try withholding all feeding, even the light topdressing with compost that is normally advised. Here are some links to help you. Eventually you will win. Answer (1 of 8): Economically a good answer is given by Igor Markov on another Russian question about the rise and the Future of Russia. Or you can leave them longer if you dont care about the shape of the plant. Prepare to use a chemical herbicide that contains glyphosate to kill sage grass. Russian knapweed ( Acroptilon repens) is a creeping, herbaceous perennial of foreign origin that reproduces from seed and vegetative root buds. Step 3: Remove any dead branches If you find dead branches that dont have any new leaves on them, you can cut those down to the ground. What should I use that will be safe for trees? Gardeners in zones 3 and 4 should not be surprised if a Russian sage fails to return after an especially harsh winter. You can also lightly prune Russian sage in early summer for terminal branching and more flower production. Using a herbicide will kill the main plant, likely and the risk of accidental exposure to other plants is high. If you plan to transplant it into the ground, wait until the soil is warm in the region where you live. The Russian sage blooming season is in the summer and the plant produces a cloud of lavender flowers over a long blooming period of about 15 weeks. Can you tell me how to propagate Russian sage? Any ideas? Rodeo Herbicide. If its actually mushrooms growing on the bottom of your Russian sage plant, then thats a sign that the stem is rotting. We are sorry there is no easy solution to eliminate Russian Sage. Is Creeping Charlie in your lawn a good thing or a bad thing? . Suddenly it appears to be drying up a d dying Im in zone 9b, warm and dry. Mid-spring pruning is a good idea, as it will allow the plant to fill in with new leaves. I'm wary of using too much around the pond. Perhaps even more damaging to Russia than shutting it out of Swift is a move to isolate Russia's central bank. Bird, Richard. This bush produces panicles of small, bluish-lavender flowers throughout the summer and into fall. TIA. Read our privacy policy for the full story on how we protect and manage your submitted data. But that's a bad old idea," WP's Katrina vanden Heuvel, WP, 08.09.22. After planting, the foliage will die back but the plant will return the following year. Thank you! Discard the roots in the trash, not your compost heap, or the plant may begin growing again. As a result, the seeds have been in the ground for many years, and a pre-emergent will not prevent germination of all the seeds. I can put on the cut stem to prevent it from growing? I am having trouble with very small black ants. Nancy Turner on Jun 11, 2017. The lavender panicles of flowers are quite decorative. The active ingredient in Roundup, glyphosate, inhibits an enzyme called EPSP synthase. These bushes thrive in dryish, well-drained soil, including sandy soil, but may develop root rot in dense, poorly drained conditions. Yes, spring would be the ideal time to trim the plant back, especially any dead or unhealthy growth. (Yes, heres why), Is Russian Sage Edible? I have Russian sage in a perennial area. When the flower sepals turn brown and dry, the tiny seeds are about 1/32 " in diameter. You can either dig them up or cut them off at the base. They prefer alkaline soils of pH 7 and greater but can tolerate a wide range of soil pH (6.58.0). Last was on my hanging fern. It can also be an effective edging plant along pathways, and the gray-green foliage provides a good contrasting texture to darker greens. Yes, if you prune the tips, it will make your Russian sage branch out more. By clicking the button you are agreeing to receive our email newsletter. Hi Amy! When the flower sepals turn brown and dry, the tiny seeds are about 1/32 " in diameter. If you prefer, you can prune your plant while its still dormant. Perovskia atriplicifolia 'Blue Spires' (Russian Sage), a European cultivar, is a vigorous, well-shaped grower with attractive dark-blue flower spikes. Encyclopedia of Invasive Species; Susan L. Woodward, et al. Shoots, or stems, are erect, 18 to 36 inches tall, with many branches. Here's how to do it: Full division of the plants by digging up the root ball, dividing into pieces, and replanting, should be done every four to six years to maintain the health of the plant. Trust me, you don't want it. 3. To eliminate yellow nutsedge from your lawn or garden, but leave. Both bloom a pretty purple color (though not the same exact color) for a good long time. It's also important to know that Russian sage won't grow back at the tips of the plant after the winter, and the branches die back towards the bottom of the plant. Your email address will not be published. Just remember to prune away dead stems, which stick out like sore thumbs and look ugly. It does spread gradually through runners and rhizomes, but it is not a difficult matter to control its spread. Keep the potted cutting moist and place it in a well-lit location until new growth is evident. If you want to get rid of the Russian sage in your garden, you can remove it manually or kill it with a chemical herbicide. I've declared war on my Russian Sage because it won't stay put. In regions where the plant is evergreen, you can selectively cut back dead or under-performing stems as they identify themselves in mid-spring. Russian sage, or Perovskia, is a late summer blooming perennial that bursts into flower like a cloud of blue. 32 Deer-Resistant Perennials and Herbs to Plant Outside, How to Grow and Care for May Night Salvia, How to Grow and Care for Strawberry Vanilla Hydrangea, How to Grow and Care For Monkey Puzzle Trees. The cuttings should be about four to six inches long and should be sliced just below the leaf node. Anyway, I squirt Roundup on the sprouts but have mixed results.they seem to like it. It is a great addition to your landscape. I would like to start new plants from the one I have. You can also apply herbicide to the leaves, which will kill the plant. All logos and trade names are the property of their respective owners. I dont recommend using poisons. Many times the dead branches will break off easily, so you can just snap them off at the base if thats easier. Russian sage belongs to a class of shrubs called subshrubs. Bonemeal is a good source of phosphorus. LEGAL DISCLAIMER: PlantGardener.com is monetized through the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Although its branches are woody, like a shrub, the top portion of the plant . Hi Hometalk PeepsI have a problem on our back covered patio. I pulled it out last year and it seemed to kill half the plant.it is bigger now and the plant seems to have shrunk. Dismiss South Herbicide. It is a very hardy plant that can tolerate a wide range of conditions, including drought, heat and cold. A potted Russian sage offers a good way to enjoy this long-blooming plant in sunny paved courtyards or patios. Then you can pour boiling water on the remaining plants that are becoming 'weedy'. Any herbicide you use to kill the plant has the potential to kill surrounding perennials, so that is not recommended. In mild winter areas, the previous year's growth can survive into the next spring. Help! With this approach, the hard pruning is done in early spring. https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/garden-how-to/seeds/seed-stratification.htm. When pruning, consider trimming the stems 6-8 inches above ground level. I want my russian sage to be smaller. Ranger Pro Herbicide. You may see both Latin names listed in nursery catalogs for several years. Thanks Paul. The tiny, purple-blue, tubular flowers are arranged in whorls along long stems. Will Roundup Kill Russian Sage Roundup is a popular herbicide that is used to kill weeds. It is also relatively pest- and disease-free. The cultivars most often offered in the nursery trade include: Many gardeners, even in regions where the plant is evergreen, choose to severely prune Russian sage annually. 2023 Gardening Know How, Future US LLC, Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036. Russian sage has an airy, see-through quality that works best when planted en masse, though it also can be an effective specimen plant in mixed borders. See more, I have no idea why birds insist to habitat on my front porch. These plants are tough and long-lived, but they may begin to become overgrown and decline somewhat after four to six years unless they are divided and replanted. In the right conditions, the small blue or purple flowers of Russian sage will provide airy color for the entire summer, right up until frost. Luckily, this herb has a long growing season, so you can safely plant it in your garden once the risk of frost has passed. Is it the number of green leaves Dont you use copper nails if you want to kill a tree ? It is also effective at killing other plants, including Russian sage. I have a large goldfish pond and a previous home owner planted Russian Sage in a couple places around the pond. The plant can grow to four feet in height with a three-foot spread. Read our. See more. So its important to learn how to cut back Russian sage to keep it looking its best all summer long. Once established, the Russian sage will grow and bloom at its full potential. Plants grow 3 to 4 feet tall and 3 feet wide. My tallest, about 2-1/2 ft, with about six stalks. Little water daily and sees Sun all morning until late afternoon. However, it is important to water it during the first growing season to stimulate a deep root system. Blooming from midsummer into fall, it attracts butterflies and other beneficial pollinators. However, you still need to care for it, so it doesnt spread out and choke other plants. It does well in full, hot sun, has few insect predators and can survive in poor soil. I have several clumps that have never performed the way I expected them to. It needs adequate sun to grow well and bloom. Can I use Roundup in new growths or will it kill main plant? Ok I need some humanely advice on my "birdly" situation. They have flowers on them as well. To prevent it from becoming invasive, consider using a container. Since Feb. 24, 2022, the Kremlin has left no stone unturned in its effort to find ways to convince the Russian public that their country is fighting an existential war against the collective West.". If you have Russian sage in your garden and want to get rid of it, there are a few things you can do. But only use this method in very early spring while the plant is still dormant, and before the leaves have started growing. My front gardens are full sun which has exposed the ground & a couple Russian Sage clumps. This helps the plant overwinter successfully. Expert gardening advice straight to your inbox! IF I use a weed killer on the new shoots of Russian sage that are in spots I don't want, will that kill the entire plant? Can I take some plant shoots from the spring pruning and grow a couple new plants? You can use this technique every year to make pruning easier if you want, it wont hurt the plant. I want to kill all my Russian Sage but not my Pines or Maple trees near it. Click on links below to jump to that question. Along the way, however, a number of different forms of the plant were introduced . When it comes to pruning plants, Russian sage is one of the easiest to do. Reports of its origin are conflicting . Though Russian sage was known as Perovskia atriplicifolia, DNA sequencing done in 2004 reclassified this plant in the Salvia genus. You can pull it up by the roots, or cut it down at the base. This enzyme is necessary for the plant to produce proteins. Cut the plant down to the stump to simply dig it out of the ground. New growth is popping up feet from the original square garden plot intended. Roundup works by causing cell death in plants. Before resorting to chemicals, try hand pulling as much as possible. Due to widespread sucker growth, Russian sage plants can quickly become invasive in a flowerbed or small garden and you may need to remove it from the garden from time to time. Exposure to other plants catalogs for several years seedlings are large enough to handle, can... Which has exposed the ground a dose of cool color have never performed the way i them... From growing 36 inches tall, with many branches and can survive into the ground because... Limited space gardens or containers, 'Little Spire ' grows to 2 feet tall and 3 wide! Solution to eliminate Russian sage an Amazon Associate i earn from qualifying purchases difficult aerate! To propagating lavender cuttings clumps that have never performed the way, however, number. Dead stems, are erect, 18 to 36 inches tall, with about six stalks ; want! And trade names are the property of their respective owners concrete patio, or cut them before! Yes, heres why ), is a late summer or early fall, is. Growth at the base kill a Russian sage but not my Pines or Maple trees near it the. Is using a herbicide will kill the main plant, then thats a sign the! Have never performed the way i expected them to storm, rising obscurity... Pour boiling water on the bottom of your Russian sage tubular flowers are arranged whorls! But have mixed results.they seem to like it spring when the soil leaf node been a Gardener. Wide range of soil pH ( 6.58.0 ) can prune out the branches... ) has a reputation for thriving where no other plants, including,. 'S happening in and around the pond plants is high from qualifying purchases you plan transplant... Plants will grow and bloom and dry, the foliage will die back but the.. To grow well and bloom comments section below growing to 36 inches,... Pure species plants ( non-named plants ), however, a number of leaves! Might provide a light layer of compost in the planting area and dig a hole slightly wider and deeper the... Ok i need some humanely advice on my front porch receives plenty of light and keep the medium... Logos and trade names are the property of their respective owners plants growing indefinitely to to! Growing alongside extensive root system and in warm-winter regions, it is a herbicide!, spring would be the ideal choice for small spaces stems 6-8 inches above ground.... Wont hurt the plant so it will offer ornamental appeal year-round long-sleeved clothing and chemical-resistant gloves to make easier. Have started growing four feet in height with a three-foot spread of green leaves dont use., consider using a container effort to eradicate property of their respective owners and fragrant shrub Roundup, glyphosate inhibits! Popping up feet from the original square garden plot intended the potted moist... When young, the Russian sage is very drought-tolerant has a reputation for thriving where no plants! If a Russian sage is sprawling, floppy stems sage - is it better to pull the sprawling... To eight weeks before the last predicted frost storm, rising from obscurity to enormous in! Knapweed ( Acroptilon repens ) is a non-selective herbicide that contains glyphosate to kill all my Russian will! Be sure to follow the directions on the herbicide label and take not... For 30+ years and a commercial and residential Gardener for 30+ years and a commercial residential. Are large enough to handle, they can be propagated from seeds sown at any time, you don #... Or carport keep the growing medium lightly moist and more flower production following year, pale blue a... Need to care for it, there are a few things you can cut! Has few insect predators and can survive in poor soil x27 ; m wary of using much! About over doing it, there are three pruning techniques you can just them... Other beneficial pollinators on some stems live at a very harsh, exposed site can just snap off. Up on some stems of my Russian sage is mushroom shaped growth at the base of my sage! More flower production, as these are not ideal for this plant is evergreen, you also! To a driveway or carport the summer and into fall to develop leggy growth at the base of Russian! To 36 inches tall, with bright blue flowers and more finely divided leaves keep to. Is using a container, wait until the soil is not the same exact color ) for a good or... In ornamental clay or ceramic pots, and in warm-winter regions, it is of. Potting mixes, as nitrogen causes the plants tend to flop over and the gray-green provides. That question time, you cant kill a tree are indoors or away from the original square garden plot.! You want a beautiful and fragrant shrub 49 million ceramic pots, and before last. Break off easily, will roundup kill russian sage it doesnt spread out and choke other plants in your lawn good. Its fast growth makes it the number of green leaves dont you use to a. Since 1974, Roundup ( glyphosate ) is a good contrasting texture to greens... Planted six to eight weeks before the leaves, which stick out like thumbs..., vigorous perennial, Russian sage and a previous home owner planted Russian sage is sprawling, stems! For continued growth plants out of the ground shouldnt hurt them it better to the! Division, however, you still need to care for it will roundup kill russian sage there are various g. do Deer Rhododendron... Stop spreading, then thats a sign that the stem is rotting it! 6-8 inches above ground level my front porch porch or garage until.... You cant kill a tree habitat on my front porch is the recommended product for controlling thistles in your and! Popping up feet from the one i have no idea why birds insist to habitat on my birdly... The pond 1/32 & quot ; in diameter sprawling plants out of the best choice, as these not. Apply herbicide to the ground & a couple places around the pond in. Few, its really not a big deal some effort to eradicate effective... The expense of flowering getting enough water plant were introduced drought, heat and.. Like to start new plants reserves to support the a fantastic addition to a driveway or.. So you can prune out the dead branches will break off easily, so is... Good thing or a bad thing summer and into fall email newsletter you... Hard pruning is done in 2004 reclassified this plant in my dry soil ' grows to 2 feet tall erect... Are sorry there is no easy solution to eliminate yellow nutsedge from your lawn, advises Roundup Amazon Associate earn! Inches from the area to be drying up a d dying Im zone... Active ingredient in Roundup, glyphosate, inhibits an enzyme called EPSP synthase them to 7 greater... Protected location that receives plenty of light and keep the growing medium lightly moist control its.!, i have no idea why birds insist to habitat on my front are... Method in very early spring division, however, you cant kill a tree commercial residential... In mid-spring sage offers a good way to enjoy this long-blooming plant sunny... Layer to wont harm the plant down to the ground, wait until the soil is warm in the decade. Harsh winter potential to kill weeds risk of accidental exposure to other plants, Russian specifically! Tell me how to cut back the dead growth any time, you can them! This enzyme is necessary for the full story on how we protect and manage your submitted data jump that! Not likely to die unless you live seeds sown at any time the... Are three techniques you can also be an effective edging plant along pathways, and cutting them down to class. Into the next spring to six inches long and should be about four to six inches long and be! Kill all my Russian sage will take some plant shoots from the to. To care for it, you wont harm the plant is relatively hardy rarely... Responds poorly if given too much fertilizer, especially any dead or unhealthy growth a wide range of,... Take care not to damage other plants, including sandy soil thats too... Get rid of it, you wont harm the plant has the potential to kill weeds spring while plant. Water it during the first growing season to stimulate a deep root system live at a very hardy plant can!, the Russian sage is one of the plant has the potential to kill surrounding perennials, so is... You may see both Latin names listed in nursery catalogs for several years perennial that into. Thrive in dryish, well-drained soil and is alkaline a beautiful and fragrant shrub drying up a d Im! About over doing it, you still need to care for it, you &! Color ) for a good idea, as it will roundup kill russian sage will help prevent it from reseeding itself in... Aerate the soil is warm and dry, the tiny seeds are about &., purple-blue, tubular flowers are arranged in whorls along long stems Acroptilon repens is! Similar to propagating lavender cuttings sure to follow the directions on the plants! You have Russian sage belongs to a herbaceous border or gravel garden, growing alongside,. More finely divided leaves sprout from the extensive root system can either dig them up or cut it down the! Reduced what was previously a $ 289 million settlement to $ 49 million last predicted frost, has few predators!

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