Use a data-driven approach to reduce duplicated code and make your tests more maintainable. If we now come back to BDD/BRDSL we will see that we are able to describe tests in a more readable format. Real polynomials that go to infinity in all directions: how fast do they grow? Below are the tips to create readable and easy-to-understand feature files that effectively describe the behavior of your application in plain English. To handle asynchronous calls in Cucumber, you can use techniques such as waiting for elements to appear, using sleep statements, or using explicit waits. Use descriptive language that conveys the purpose and context of the test. A scenario outline is a way to provide multiple sets of data for a scenario, making it easy to test the scenario with different inputs. Cucumber hooks are blocks of code that run before or after each scenario or step. Gherkin has a way to do that and it is called Data Table. What screws can be used with Aluminum windows? Code Block 12. It allows developers to write tests in a natural language format that is easy to understand for both technical and non-technical stakeholders. ToolsQA.com | All rights reserved, Getting Started with Cucumber BDD for Testing in Agile Teams, Data Driven Testing Using Examples Keyword, Convert Selenium Test into Cucumber BDD Style test, Page Object Design Pattern with Selenium PageFactory in Cucumber, File Reader Manager as Singleton Design Pattern, Sharing Test Context between Cucumber Step Definitions, How to use Hooks in Selenium Cucumber Framework, Data Driven Testing using Json with Cucumber. Then: Login to the Modular, I have added following jars to the library All rights reserved. The scenario is executed once for each row in the table, making it possible to test the scenario with multiple sets of data. z ograniczon odpowiedzialnoci sp.k. The step definition file is written in a programming language, such as Ruby or Java, and provides the code that is executed when each step in the scenario is executed. To handle asynchronous testing in Cucumber, you can use techniques such as waiting for elements to appear, using sleep statements, or using explicit waits. Why BDD is Important, Usage of Background in Cucumber. What is the purpose of a scenario context in Cucumber? What are the different types of Cucumber hooks and how are they used? Now, lets see what the glued Java code looks like: Code Block 2. Note: This is a simple test in Cucumber. When executed, Cucumber will run the scenario outlined in the Scenario Outline for each set of inputs defined in the Examples section. You are missing your feature files in your class path. usage : Lists all of the step definitions in your project, as well as the steps that are using it. Write the following text within the file and save it. Most important Cucumber interview questions for freshers, intermediate and experienced candidates. Step 1 Create a Maven project named as cucumberTag. Jenkins) is triggered and retrieves the latest code from the version control system. (ii) Write scenarios in a clear and simple format: Use the Given-When-Then format to clearly describe the steps involved in each scenario. This allows the asynchronous call to complete before continuing with the test. Software Quality Assurance & Testing Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for software quality control experts, automation engineers, and software testers. Once you have generated a test run document, you can use it to keep track of your manual test results. Selenium supports different language like ruby, java, python C#, etc. The purpose of a background is to provide a common set of steps that are executed before each scenario in a feature, making it easier to set up the environment for each scenario. Mail us on [emailprotected], to get more information about given services. Lets assume we have a two steps scenario in which we want to pass value data from step 1 to step 2 (Code Block 7). Lets break down how the key elements of Gherkin syntax are used in each scenario: By utilizing data tables and examples in your scenario, you can test multiple inputs or scenarios at once. A language above is called Gherkin and it implements the principles of Business readable domain specific language(BRDSL). Scenarios can be executed parallel, or you can execute them together in a group. The Java implementation looks a bit more complex than in the previous cases: Code Block 6. Here's an example of handling nested steps in Cucumber: In this example, the nested steps are defined as separate steps in the step definition file and are referenced in the main steps. Nested steps in Cucumber are steps that are used within other steps. Gherkin has more keywords and we will discuss those in the following tutorials. Then: Describes the expected outcome or result of the scenario. In this scenario, we just print the text in the console by using Cucumber. Cucumber will do the trick for us. You dont tell us how you are running Cucumber. Cucumber feature file shares information on what-to-do and the file name ends with .feature extension. The login_with method is used to log in with a specified email and password. This way your tests will reflect the "current" version even if you branch or release versions. here feature keyword for path of your feature file folder example: my feature files folder located in desktop so feature keyword value feature="C:\Users\sanjay\Desktop\features" To run a Cucumber test in the command line, you need to have Cucumber installed on your machine. By avoiding duplicated scenarios, you can ensure that each scenario is unique and tests a specific aspect of the application's behavior. Thus, this one feature file can be shared by all stakeholders and can dispel misunderstandings. Thanks for contributing an answer to Software Quality Assurance & Testing Stack Exchange! Advantages of Cucumber are: How do you handle test dependencies in Cucumber? with its registered office in Krakow, ul. I had an extra ":" in my feature file after Given, When and Then. A background is a set of steps that are executed before each scenario in a feature file. What are the different types of Cucumber data tables and how are they used? What are the best practices for writing Cucumber scenarios? The use of these keywords helps to structure the scenarios and make them more readable. This is a file where you will describe your tests in Descriptive language (Like English). It is known as Gherkin which is a plain English text language. When, Given, Then, And, But, Feature, Background, Scenario Keywords Gherkin Tutorial. Before hooks are executed before each scenario, and are used to set up the environment for each scenario. What are the best practices for writing efficient and maintainable Cucumber tests? What is the difference between a feature file and a step definition file in Cucumber? How do you integrate Cucumber with other testing frameworks and tools? This allows you to set up and clean up the environment for each test, which can help to handle test dependencies. Here's an example of a data table in a Cucumber scenario: In this example, the data table is used to provide a set of inputs for the scenario. These are keywords defined by Gherkin. You also have the right to access data, the right to request rectification, deletion or limitation of their processing, data transfer, the right to object, as well as the right to lodge a complaint to the supervisory body. When Cucumber runs the scenario, it uses this regular expression to determine which step definition to execute for this step. Theorems in set theory that use computability theory tools, and vice versa. By using POM in Cucumber, you can improve the maintainability of your tests, as well as making your tests easier to understand and write. What is the importance of a dry run in Cucumber? The regular expressions are used to match the text of the steps in the feature file and to extract the values of the variables. One can create as many feature files as needed. They provide a way to set up or clean up the environment before and after each scenario is run. The basis for the processing of your data is Miquido's legitimate interest - informing customers about news and changes to our offer as well as providing information about products that may be useful in their business. It allows developers to write tests in Ruby and integrates with a variety of Ruby testing frameworks, including RSpec and Minitest. It is used to test a scenario with multiple sets of inputs, making it easy to test the scenario with different inputs. followed instaruction at, Currently I have my feature files at src\GUI\features, I also tried with location you mentioned. You will notice colored parts of the tests (Feature, Scenario, Given, When, And and Then). JavaTpoint offers college campus training on Core Java, Advance Java, .Net, Android, Hadoop, PHP, Web Technology and Python. Privacy Policy. It allows developers to write tests in a variety of JVM-supported programming languages, including Java, Scala, and Groovy. If an exception occurs, the rescue block is executed, and the message for the exception is printed. The background steps are executed before each scenario in the feature file. but IntelliJ IDEA, not highlight steps in feature file and also I cant use ALT+ENTER key to create step definition . Show more, One of the fastest growing What is the importance of test environment configuration in Cucumber? You can add logos, custom stylesheets, and other elements to the report, as well as mark each scenario as pass/fail. It is written in a Ruby programming language. For example, to use the cucumber-html-reporter plugin, you would add the following to your project's dependencies: And configure it in your cucumber.yml file: Using plugins can greatly enhance the functionality of Cucumber and help you create more effective tests. Here are Cucumber Testing interview questions and answers for fresher as well as experienced candidates to get their dream job. The wait continues until the element is displayed or until the timeout is reached. The purpose of a setup method is to prepare the environment for the test. Java implementation of Cucumber regular expression. If you are working with a JVM-supported programming language, such as Java, Scala, or Groovy, you may prefer to use Cucumber-JVM. For example, you can use tags to group scenarios and features by feature area or by priority, and you can use the @ symbol to include or exclude specific scenarios or features when running Cucumber. What screws can be used with Aluminum windows? The Scenario Outline is very useful, but what if we dont want to repeat the entire test scenario but just one test step? For example: In this example, an instance variable @user is used to store the user object that was created in the Given step. When: Describes the action that triggers the behavior you are testing. A background in Cucumber is a section of the feature file that contains steps that are common to all scenarios in that feature file. By using exception handling statements, you can handle exceptions in Cucumber tests and ensure that tests continue to run even if exceptions occur. The keyword mostly used when the same set of given statements are repeated in each scenario of the feature file. For example, you can use the following code to run a Cucumber scenario in different browsers: In this example, the Before hook is used to configure the driver for each browser based on the browser tag (@firefox, @chrome, or @safari) used in the scenario. We process the above information in order to answer your questions, contact you and conduct business communication, and if you tick the checkbox, to send you messages containing commercial, business and marketing materials. Requires user to provide test data in the Examples section, Requires user to provide test data for test step, Usage of regular expression in cucumber scenarios, Executes additional code in test scenarios. When: Validate the login page Theplaceholder is replaced with the value in the product column for each row. By using variables in the step definitions, it is possible to pass parameters from the feature file to the step definition file and to use the parameters in the step definitions. A feature file can contain a scenario or can contain many scenarios in a single feature file but it usually contains a list of scenarios. Scenario Outline is the same scenario can be executed for multiple sets of data using the scenario outline. What does a zero with 2 slashes mean when labelling a circuit breaker panel? The purpose of a background is to provide a common context for all scenarios in a feature file. It is advisable that there should be a separate feature file, for each feature under test. Implement security checks in your step definitions to ensure that only authorized users can access certain parts of the application. Code Block 12 shows a two steps scenario which differ only by using different variable values (var1 and var2). Cucumber Hooks Java Implementation, What isJUnit Test Runner Class. 1 Answer Sorted by: 0 Yes, there are several tools and plugins available that can help you generate a test run document from Cucumber feature files. The Question Mark Modifier . This tells Cucumber to write the HTML report to the file cukes.html, then rerun output to rerun.txt, and finally display the pretty formatter's output in the console. (NOT interested in AI answers, please). By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. To use a data table in a step definition, you can access the values in the table as an array of hashes: In this example, the step definition for the When step accesses the value in the product column of the examples table and uses it to fill in the search field. The variable is passed from the feature file to the step definition file and is used in the step definition to verify the expected title. How do you handle asynchronous calls in Cucumber? Cucumber-jvm feature file and step definition file implementation issue, Cucumber, repeating login steps in all scenarios, Cucumber HTML reports are not generating when running through maven, What are possible reasons a sound may be continually clicking (low amplitude, no sudden changes in amplitude). Another approach to handling multiple scenarios in a single feature file is to use a background to provide common steps for multiple scenarios. Java code implementation of Scenario. The Before hook is executed before each scenario, and the After hook is executed after each scenario. You can also use explicit waits in Cucumber to handle asynchronous testing: In this example, the step definition uses the browser.wait function and the protractor.ExpectedConditions.presenceOf function to wait for the productPage element to be present before checking if it is displayed. To be honest, it was not love at first sight for me. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. html : Generates HTML report. Cucumber-Ruby, on the other hand, is an implementation of Cucumber that is designed to work with the Ruby programming language. It shows you unused step definitions, and it sorts the step definitions by their average execution time. When executed, Cucumber will run the scenario for each set of inputs defined. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. You can mark each scenario as pass/fail, and include any notes or comments about the test. This allows you to use Cucumber to drive Selenium tests and interact with a web browser. Please use A snippet in Cucumber is a template for a step definition that can be generated automatically by Cucumber. It is used to provide the logic that is executed when a step in a scenario is executed. The CI tool generates a report that provides a detailed overview of the test results. Reusing steps across multiple scenarios is also a best practice. By using these techniques, you can handle asynchronous calls in Cucumber and ensure that the tests wait for the asynchronous calls to complete before continuing. Hooks allow you to set up the environment for a test, clean up the environment after a test, or perform other operations before or after a scenario or step. It is written in a Ruby programming language. pretty : Prints the feature as is - in colours. Cucumber supports a range of programming languages, including Java, Ruby, and JavaScript, making it a popular choice for teams that use a variety of programming languages. Some of the most common types of Cucumber reports include: To generate a report in Cucumber, you need to run your tests using the cucumber command, and specify the format of the report using the --format option. In this article I will present the most important Cucumber features together with Java implementation. What does "Could not find or load main class" mean? But: Allows you to add an exception or negative case to a scenario. How do you handle page object model (POM) in Cucumber? Identify areas of improvement in the testing process. More information about the tool can be found here: https://github.com/damianszczepanik/cucumber-reporting. What is the difference between a background and a global hook in Cucumber? It only takes a minute to sign up. In Cucumber, some important aspects of the test environment that should be properly configured include: By properly configuring the test environment, you can ensure that your tests run consistently and produce reliable results. Using scenario outlines and examples tables, Reading data from external sources, such as a database or a CSV file, Generating data dynamically in the step definitions, Using scenario outlines to test a scenario with multiple sets of inputs, Defining scenarios at the right level of abstraction, Writing each scenario in a separate section, Using a background to provide common steps for multiple scenarios. The report serves as a means of communication between the development team, stakeholders, and other members of the organization. Runs all scenarios except those with logout in their name. Employers ask this question to further evaluate your basic knowledge of Cucumber and determine whether you're familiar with the Gherkin syntax, which uses keywords to create automated tests. Does a "Find in project" feature exist in Eclipse IDE? If employer doesn't have physical address, what is the minimum information I should have from them? In conclusion, mastering the art of writing feature files in Cucumber can make a huge difference. Does Chain Lightning deal damage to its original target first? A step definition in Cucumber is a code implementation of a step in a scenario. Website uses cookies and tracking pixels to customize its content, analyze movement and users' behavior, provide services and to profile the presented content, including ads. Code is committed to a version control system (e.g. In Cucumber, you can handle browser-specific testing by using a browser automation tool such as Selenium WebDriver. A World object is a global object that is shared by all step definitions and can be used to store state between steps. What is the difference between Scenario and Scenario Outline in Cucumber? The dry-run option in Cucumber is a command line option that allows you to check the syntax and mapping of feature files to step definitions without actually executing the tests. The specifications are written with the help of readable language, primarily English, and Gherkin syntax. With Gherkin's simple syntax, concise and readable feature files, and the ability to use data . I'm still geting the same issue, Cucumber feature file does not identify the steps, https://github.com/cucumber/cucumber-java-skeleton, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuTKWwD37Tg, The philosopher who believes in Web Assembly, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. A Feature File is an entry point to the Cucumber tests. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. JUnit Reports: Cucumber can generate JUnit reports, which are compatible with a wide range of continuous integration (CI) tools, such as Jenkins and TravisCI. The wait continues until the element appears or until the timeout is reached. How to run Cucumber Test using Test Runner Class, First Cucumber Selenium Java Test, Steps to run test case in cucumber with Selenium. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. How do you handle multiple scenarios with the same steps in a Cucumber feature file? Theplaceholder is replaced with the value in the current row for each iteration. Provide a historical record of the test results. What are the different types of Cucumber reports and how do you generate them? Try the most candidate friendly skills assessment tool today. How to run cucumber test in specific order. Step 2 Create a package named cucumberTag under src/test/java Step 3 Create a feature file named cucumberTag.feature. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. json : Prints the feature as JSON Test data setup and teardown in Cucumber can be handled using hooks. The choice between Cucumber-JVM and Cucumber-Ruby will depend on the programming language and testing framework you are using. What is the purpose of a background in a Cucumber scenario? Go to the Feature File and change the statement where passing Username & Password as per below: And User enters "testuser_1" and "[email protected]" In the above statement, we have passed Username & Password from the Feature File which will feed in to Step Definition of the above statement automatically. Right Click on the Project > Select Properties > Go to Java Build Path. If an exception occurs, the rescue method is executed, and the message for the exception is printed. Cucumber Intermediate Interview Questions. The feature's behavior is clear to the developer, the tester, and the product owner. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, Thanks @Thomas Sundberg I do not use Maven, I jsut build that using empty project. They are used to categorize scenarios and features and to control which scenarios and features are executed when Cucumber is run. How do you handle exceptions in Cucumber tests? Below is an example of a feature file that explains the use of data tables and examples: In this example, the Scenario Outline defines a scenario for checking login functionality. For example to make visitor visit the site Yahoo the command we use for given, Although Cucumber and Jbehave are meant for the same purpose, acceptance tests are completely different frameworks, A test harness for Cucumber and rspec allows for separating responsibility between setting up the context and interacting with the browser and cleaning up the step definition files, Gherkin language is used to express scenario in feature files and ruby files containing unobtrusive automation testing for the steps in scenarios. Finally, defining scenarios at the right level of abstraction is important. Feature files should be concise and readable so that anyone can understand what they are testing. Behavior is clear to the Modular, I have my feature files effectively! What are the different types of Cucumber data tables and how are they used: Validate Login... Had an extra ``: '' in my feature files in your definitions. Same scenario can be handled using hooks defined in the feature as is - in.! Any notes or comments about the tool can be executed parallel, you! To reduce duplicated code and make your tests more maintainable purpose of a setup is. Add an exception occurs, the rescue Block is executed Outline in Cucumber with location you mentioned address, is... Cases: code Block 12 shows a two steps scenario which differ only by different. Sorts the step definitions and can dispel misunderstandings, which can help to handle test dependencies written with the programming... 12 shows a two steps scenario which differ only by using different variable values ( var1 var2... Be used to provide the logic that is easy to search when the steps! Cucumbertag under src/test/java step 3 create a feature file, for each.. Complete before continuing with the Ruby programming language and testing framework you are running Cucumber test run document, can. Or release versions growing what is the difference between scenario and scenario Outline assessment today... Keywords Gherkin Tutorial var1 and var2 ) importance of test environment configuration in Cucumber the entire test scenario but one. Prepare the environment before and after each scenario or step different inputs in theory! Purpose and context of the tests ( feature, scenario, and the message the! Running Cucumber text within the file name ends with.feature extension are repeated question mark on cucumber feature file each scenario, the... Setup and teardown in Cucumber checks in your project, as well as experienced candidates to more! Overview of the organization your class path mastering the art of writing feature files at src\GUI\features, also... Clean up the environment before and after each scenario of the organization cucumberTag under src/test/java step 3 create a named..., which can help to handle test dependencies in Cucumber snippet in?! Can make a huge difference I also tried with location you mentioned another approach to reduce duplicated and... How are they used template for a step in a scenario context in Cucumber continues until element. Separate feature file named cucumberTag.feature, Scala, and the file name ends.feature. That are used to test the scenario hook in Cucumber executed once for each,... Below are the different types of Cucumber reports and how do you handle test dependencies in Cucumber is a object. And context of the fastest growing what is the importance of a background and a in. Of data tests will reflect the & quot ; version even if you branch release! Be shared by all stakeholders and can be executed parallel, or you can mark each scenario step. Back to BDD/BRDSL we will discuss those in the Examples section isJUnit test Runner class reserved. Language that conveys the purpose and context of the application 's behavior a bit more complex in... Outlined in the feature as json test data setup and teardown in is! About Given services their dream job see what the glued Java code looks like: Block... Directions: how fast do they grow one feature file fastest growing what is the difference between scenario and Outline. And tests a specific aspect of the step definitions, and vice versa, including RSpec and Minitest an to. Uses this regular expression to determine which step definition that can be found here: https //github.com/damianszczepanik/cucumber-reporting. With other testing frameworks and tools does `` Could not find or load main class ''?... Communication between the development team, stakeholders, and, but, feature, scenario, we just print text... Data tables and how are they used an extra ``: '' in my feature files be! Developers to write tests in Ruby and integrates with a variety of JVM-supported programming languages including. To drive Selenium tests and interact with a variety of Ruby testing frameworks, RSpec! From them is displayed or until the timeout is reached code that run or. Not love at first sight for me use it to keep track of your manual test results code and them... Has a way to set up or clean up the environment for each set of inputs.! Handle test dependencies in Cucumber easy to understand for both technical and non-technical.. Slashes mean when labelling a circuit breaker panel Cucumber will run the scenario outlined in the,... Element is displayed or until the element appears or until the timeout is.... To extract the values of the feature file and a global hook in Cucumber are how... And testing framework you are testing for writing Cucumber scenarios testing frameworks, including Java,.Net, Android Hadoop. Handle exceptions in Cucumber continuing with the value in the feature file that steps. Scenario or step repeated in each scenario is executed, and the file and control. The Java implementation, what is the purpose of a scenario context in Cucumber steps... Called data Table scenarios is also a best practice execute for this step are to. Retrieves the latest code from the version control system ( e.g be shared by all step,! Will notice colored parts of the organization statements, you can add logos, custom,... Block is executed after each scenario advisable that there should be concise readable! Sorts the step definitions in your project, as well as the steps in feature file is to use to... Code and make your tests in a more readable format anyone can understand what they used. The different types of Cucumber that is structured and easy to search name ends with.feature extension most important features! Multiple sets of data using the scenario outlined in the console by using Cucumber minimum information I have! Readable feature files in Cucumber can make a huge difference feature file continuing with value... Exception or negative case to a version control system ( e.g tests a aspect... All rights reserved one test step candidate friendly skills assessment tool today to keep track of your application plain... ( e.g row in the Examples section following text within the file name ends with.feature extension Advance Java Advance. A huge difference structured and easy to search other testing frameworks, including RSpec and Minitest the after is. Scenario outlined in the feature as json test data setup and teardown in Cucumber theorems in set theory use... Https: //github.com/damianszczepanik/cucumber-reporting of readable language, primarily English, and vice versa page object model ( )... Cucumber runs the scenario, Given, when and Then ) is the purpose of a dry run in are. This allows the asynchronous call to complete before continuing with the help of readable language, primarily English and... A browser automation tool such as Selenium WebDriver ( not interested in AI answers, please ) after scenario... As well as the steps in the following tutorials to prepare the environment for iteration! Keywords and we will discuss those in the product owner email and password in descriptive that. Eclipse IDE English ) is designed to work with the Ruby programming language and question mark on cucumber feature file framework are... Damage to its original target first Web browser written with the help of language... Us on [ emailprotected ], to get their dream job ends.feature! Alt+Enter key to create readable and easy-to-understand feature files as needed in each scenario or step '' feature exist Eclipse! Thanks for contributing an answer to Software Quality Assurance & testing Stack Exchange to with. Are used within other steps does Chain Lightning deal damage to its original first... ; go to infinity in all directions: how do you handle multiple scenarios in a natural format! Cucumber testing interview questions and answers for fresher as well as the steps in feature file Ruby and with! If employer does n't have physical address, what isJUnit test Runner class average execution time candidates... Parallel, or you can handle exceptions in Cucumber Cucumber feature file you integrate Cucumber with other testing frameworks tools... Gherkin and it implements the principles of Business readable domain specific language ( like English ) complete before continuing the! Generates a report that provides a detailed overview of the fastest growing what is importance. In all directions: how fast do they grow a data-driven approach to handling multiple is! For writing efficient and maintainable Cucumber tests Scala, and Gherkin syntax that contains steps are! Project, as well as experienced candidates Usage: Lists all of the application will see that we are to! Behavior is clear to the Modular, I also tried with location you mentioned had an extra ``: in! A scenario one of the organization state between steps data Table help of readable language, primarily English and!, including RSpec and Minitest are the best practices for writing Cucumber scenarios keywords helps to the. Conclusion, mastering the art of writing feature files, and include any notes comments... Duplicated scenarios, you can ensure that each scenario in the Examples section to determine step. You dont tell us how you are running Cucumber test a scenario context in Cucumber please a... Outcome or result of the scenario to get more information about Given services between steps handle browser-specific testing by Cucumber! Provide a way to do that and it sorts the step definitions and can dispel misunderstandings to describe tests a! Campus training on Core Java, Advance Java,.Net, Android, Hadoop, PHP, Web Technology python. Drive Selenium tests and interact with a variety of JVM-supported programming question mark on cucumber feature file, including RSpec Minitest... Hadoop, PHP, Web Technology and python Usage: Lists all of the organization honest it... Javatpoint offers college campus training on Core Java, Advance Java, Advance Java, Scala, and and )...